Red Crossbill type determined

Red Crossbill (type 2), Prescott Peninsula, MA, July 30, 2012

Red Crossbill (type 2) video, Prescott Peninsula, MA, July 30, 2012

As a follow up to my reports on Red Crossbills on the Prescott Peninsula at Quabbin the specific type has now been determined.   The specific type of Red Crossbill has been determined to be type 2.  This was determined with the assistance of Ian Davies who converted the video, with its associated audio, into a wave file and then used the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s free software (Raven Lite) which can be downloaded from this link:

http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/raven/ravenoverview.html

The recordings I obtained were compared to those of the different known types of Red Crossbills using a spectrogram.  The determination of type was obtained in this fashion.  Type 2 Red Crossbills occur across a large area of the country including the northeast.  Other types have/could occur in this area. There are at least nine (or ten) recognized types of Red Crossbill.  The overall size of the bird and the bill varies with each type but determining all types by sight alone is difficult to impossible.  The only way sure way to differentiate the types is through calls viewed as a spectrograph.

Additional information concerning these various types and their associated calls can be found at the following link:

http://ebird.org/content/ebird/news/introduction-to%20crossbill-vocalizations

http://research.amnh.org/vz/ornithology/crossbills/contents.html

As with previous sightings of Red Crossbills in this area breeding is suspected (and has been confirmed in the past).  The first Red Crossbills on Prescott Peninsula were noted on June 3, 2009 and small numbers were seen through the end of the year in 2009.   The largest number seen on any one day during that year was 14.   In 2010 they were first noted in April and seen through early July.  The largest number seen on a single day in that year was 26.  During the other years of the breeding bird atlas they were not noted.  Juvenile birds with adults feeding them were noted in both 2009 and 2010.  Also during 2010 they were noted in Quabbin Park in the same area from mid October through the end of November with the greatest number seen being 14.  A great overview of breeding in the state can be found on the Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas page found at the following link:

http://massaudubonblogs.typepad.com/massbirdatlas/2010/11/218-red-crossbill.html

To sum up the above mentioned link the number of breeding Red Crossbills is quite small in the state with the only confirmed records during the entire five year long atlas study occurring at Quabbin, specifically on the Prescott Peninsula.  The other probable location for breeding in the state was also at Quabbin, located in Quabbin Park.  The only block with possible breeding was located in Plymouth County.  Certainly one of the rarer breeding species in the state with only a handful of confirmed records.  It does appear that the Prescott Peninsula is a breeding hotspot for this species in Massachusetts.   

SUMMARY (These results last updated 01 Aug 2012): Red Crossbill	Blocks
	All
Confirmed	3
Probable	1
Possible	1
Observed	1
Blocks with evidence ¹	5

Chart above courtesy of Mass Audubon and the Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas.

For a little bit more information the range maps of various types can be found at the following link:

http://www.wos.org/issue27.pdf

With the permission of the staff at Quabbin I hope to continue additional research on this species on the Prescott Peninsula in the coming years.

Breeding Bird Atlas wrap up

American Redstart feeding young, Prescott Peninsula, Quabbin, MA, June 14, 2010

With the setting in of fall of 2011 the five year Massachusetts breeding bird atlas has now wrapped up and I thought I would take this time to reflect on some of the highlights the five seasons in the field provided me.  This will be a relatively long post for me but hopefully interesting for those reading it.
First a little background of the breeding bird atlas here in Massachusetts.  The first one was conducted during the years of 1974-1979.  The second one began in 2007 and ended this year.  It is a five year state wide project to get a snap shot of the various species of birds that breed throughout the state.  It is a massive undertaking that requires a lot of effort of many volunteer birders to complete.   In this area the many volunteers were coordinated by Mary Alice Wilson who did a fine job of getting the right people into the blocks and making sure we got the info entered into the state database.  The entire state is split into blocks that are approximately 10 square miles.  There are a total of  about 1055 blocks statewide.  Each block has a primary atlaster that is responsible for at least 20 hours of primary observation time (many block get much more time than that).  Each block received a name and number that reflected the area it covered such as Winsor Dam 2 or Belchertown 5.  Additional info can be found at http://www.massaudubon.org/birdatlas/bbaportal/index.php

I had a total of four blocks assigned to me as the primary and another five as secondary with three of these on the restricted access Prescott Peninsula at Quabbin.  Tom Gagnon was the primary on these blocks and I joined him on all his trips in there as well as taking many, many trips on my own.  The total number of hours spent over the five years amounted to probably well over 1000 hours.  The most productive blocks as far as overall species either breeding or suspected of breeding were Winsor Dam 3 and Shutesbury 8 which both had 91 species.  I found a total of 136 species in the blocks I covered and was able to confirm breeding of 108 species.  I had several records of state listed species breeding in the blocks I covered.

Red Crossbill feeding young, Prescott Peninsula, Quabbin, MA, June 3, 2009

Red Crossbills, Prescott Peninsula, Quabbin, MA, April 23, 2010

Red Crossbill, Prescott Peninsula, Quabbin, MA, April 30, 2010

The highlights were many and I will recount a few of the more memorable.  As far as oddities one of the best was finding breeding Red Crossbills on Prescott Peninsula on a few years of the count.  I first found them on the lower third of the peninsula in the only area I also had breeding Cerulean Warblers in a few seasons of the atlas.  I had an adult feeding young there and managed a few photos for ID purposes.  Over the next couple years I found evidence of breeding of Red Crossbills in other blocks on Prescott including males and females mating as well as additional recently fledged juveniles being fed.  As far as what type of Red Crossbills I do not know but I had them feeding on red pines.  Although there are other records of breeding Red Crossbills in the state over the years (Montague Plains WMA and pine barrens in the southeast part of the state) I believe the blocks on Prescott Peninsula were the only ones with breeding confirmed during the five years of the atlas.  Many times I would have just a handful of birds but the best day I had was June 19, 2010 when I had 26 individuals with most in one large group.

distant shot of Canada Goose on nest in tree (old heron nest), Prescott Peninsula, Quabbin, MA, May 6, 2008

Another interesting sight was a Canada Goose that decided to take over a Great Blue Heron nest in a small pond.  The bird was at least 15 feet above the water sitting in this nest.  Certainly one of the strangest nest I have seen.

Barred Owl on nest (head and tail visible), Covey WMA, Belchertown, MA

Northern Saw-whet Owl -juvenile in nest, Prescott Peninsula, Quabbin, MA, May 26, 2008

Another fun group of birds to try and find the nests of were owls.  The best ones I found were a Northern Saw-whet Owl on Prescott Peninsula and a Barred Owl that used the same nest for several years at Covey WMA (the nest tree fell during a storm a few years ago).  I also found a few juvenile Great Horned Owls and had Eastern Screech Owls in appropriate habitat during the breeding season.  Besides the owls I also found some other nocturnal birds that were breeding in our blocks including American Woodcocks and Whip-Poor-Wills.  The Whip-Poor-Wills seemed to have a stronghold in the southern third of the Prescott Peninsula and I would have double digit numbers on some of my evening trips in.  Several times I had spectacular close views as the Whip-Poor-Wills came flying right next to us.  Hearing several of them calling right near you in the pitch blackness of Prescott Peninsula was quite exciting.

Ruffed Grouse young, Prescott Peninsula, Quabbin, June 27, 2009

I had many breeding neotropic migrants during the years of the atlas as well as species such as Bald Eagle, Common Loons, Sharp shinned Hawk, Ruffed Grouse, Cooper's Hawk and others.  It was always a thrill to find a bird gathering nest material or actually building a nest.  I included a few of the many photos I got of this type of activity over the years of the atlas.  It was fun to watch a nest be built, then have the birds sitting on the nest and then see the young develop and finally fledge from the nest.  The time spent watching the various nests paid dividends in other ways as staying put and quiet led to some other wildlife sightings such as when I was viewing the American Redstart nest pictured above and I had the feeling I was being watched.  I dropped my binoculars down, turned around and found a Bobcat thirty feet away looking at me. 

Bobcat, Prescott Peninsula, June 7, 2010

In addition to the Bobcat I ran across a multitude of other wildlife such as Black Bear, Moose, Porcupine, various bat species, Mink, a Southern Bog Lemming (a life mammal for both Tom and myself on Prescott), lots of butterflies, other insects and a multitude of plant life.

Eastern Box Turtle (endangered species), Quabbin Park, May 3,2010

Leather Beetle, Prescott Peninsula, May 13, 2009

Gray Hairstreak, Prescott Peninsula, May 30, 2008

I could go on and on with the different experience I had while conducting this atlas and many photos to go along with the stories but I have to keep the post to a manageable size.  I will say again it was fun and made you take a more critical look at the birds that you would come across from day to day.  It will be unusual next spring to not be out there seeing what new species I can add to the various blocks I covered.

Here are some additional photos of various species either collecting nest material or on nests.  The warblers and vireos were always some of my favorite subjects to find building nests and raising young.  These as well as other neotropic migrants are fascinating in the long, perilous journeys they take from their breeding grounds here to their wintering areas in the Caribbean, central America or down to South America and back again each year.

Gray Catbird with nest material, Quabbin Park, May 23, 2010

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher gathering nest material from fern head, Quabbin Park, May 7, 2008

Chestnut sided Warbler on nest, Quabbin Park, June 13, 2008

Red eyed Vireo on nest, Prescott Peninsula, June 21, 2008

Cedar Waxwing on nest, Prescott Peninsula, July 3, 2009

Mourning Warbler and others...Quabbin

Mourning Warbler, Quabbin, MA May 29, 2011

Mourning Warbler, Quabbin,MA, May 29, 2011

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Quabbin, MA, May 29, 2011
Mourning Dove, Quabbin, MA, May 29, 2011

Another productive day yesterday as I spent the entire morning and part of the afternoon exploring the central area of Quabbin for the breeding bird atlas. Many areas have finally dried out enough to explore so I was able to make it to areas that I had not yet visited this season. The highlight of the day was a Mourning Warbler that popped out into view and stayed in view for an extended time period. Some of the best views I have ever had of a Mourning Warbler. Many other good birds around. I have attached a list for the day below. Some of the numbers of birds were amazing and likely undercounts as I had them in earshot most of the day.


Canada Goose 2
Wood Duck 1
Hooded Merganser 7 two males
Ruffed Grouse 3 all drumming
Wild Turkey 15
Turkey Vulture 1
Mourning Dove 7
Black-billed Cuckoo 1
Ruby-throated Hummingbird 4
Red-bellied Woodpecker 1
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 20
Downy Woodpecker 1
Hairy Woodpecker 2
Northern Flicker 4
Pileated Woodpecker 4
Eastern Wood-Pewee 6
Alder Flycatcher 3
Least Flycatcher 35
Eastern Phoebe 4
Great Crested Flycatcher 5
Eastern Kingbird 9 carrying nest material
Yellow-throated Vireo 2
Blue-headed Vireo 3
Red-eyed Vireo 119 minimum count...most heard not seen
Blue Jay 22
Tree Swallow 17
Black-capped Chickadee 19
Brown Creeper 1
Winter Wren 1
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 2
Veery 59 seemed to be everywhere today
Hermit Thrush 3
Wood Thrush 14
American Robin 38
Gray Catbird 41 building nests
Cedar Waxwing 62
Blue-winged Warbler 4 bird with golden winged like song still present in same area
Yellow Warbler 32 carrying nest material
Chestnut-sided Warbler 51 carryingn nest material
Magnolia Warbler 13
Black-throated Blue Warbler 23
Yellow-rumped Warbler (Myrtle) 12
Black-throated Green Warbler 10
Blackburnian Warbler 20
Pine Warbler 26
Prairie Warbler 1
Blackpoll Warbler 2
Black-and-white Warbler 10
American Redstart 68
Ovenbird 78
Northern Waterthrush 1
Mourning Warbler 1 seen, heard and photographed
Common Yellowthroat 92
Canada Warbler 1
Eastern Towhee 68
Chipping Sparrow 37 carrying nest material
Song Sparrow 16
White-throated Sparrow 1
Scarlet Tanager 16
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 19 building nests
Indigo Bunting 3
Red-winged Blackbird 13
Common Grackle 7
Brown-headed Cowbird 18
Baltimore Oriole 23 building nests
Purple Finch 3
American Goldfinch 9


Beaver-1
Little Brown Bats-7

Blue Grosbeak and many other good birds.

Blue Grosbeak, Quabbin, April 30, 2011

Blue Grosbeak, Quabbin, April 30, 2011

Pine Warbler, Quabbin, April 30, 2011
Yellow Warbler, Quabbin, April 30, 2011

I ended the month with an early morning trip into central Quabbin to continue the breeding bird atlas for Massachusetts. A few birds have indeed begun to nest including Pine Warblers, American Robins, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Belted Kingfishers and others.

A very nice selection of warblers for late April were found today in the central area of Quabbin as the month comes to an end. An amazing total of eighteen species for the month as several species have arrived a bit early this season. A few new species today included Chestnut sided, Blackburnian and Ovenbird.

The highlight for the day was a beautiful Blue grosbeak I found at the end of the morning as I was heading out. A truly stunning bird that I didn't expect to find here.


Here is the list for the morning.

Canada Goose 1
Wood Duck 3 one pair and one female
American Black Duck 2
Mallard 3
Bufflehead 3 male and two females on small pond
Hooded Merganser 4 one male
Common Merganser 3 pair and single male
Ruffed Grouse 16 all drumming
Wild Turkey 12
Turkey Vulture 1
Broad-winged Hawk 1 low overhead and calling
Mourning Dove 4
Belted Kingfisher 2 excavating nest hole in sand pit in from gate 17
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 22 minimum count
Downy Woodpecker 3
Northern Flicker 8
Pileated Woodpecker 1
Least Flycatcher 5
Eastern Phoebe 3
Blue-headed Vireo 6
Blue Jay 52
American Crow 2
Tree Swallow 11
Black-capped Chickadee 36
Tufted Titmouse 5
Red-breasted Nuthatch 4
White-breasted Nuthatch 5
Brown Creeper 6
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 3 one carrying nest material
Golden-crowned Kinglet 3
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 8
Veery 3 all seen
Hermit Thrush 1
Wood Thrush 1
American Robin 57 a few with nearly complete nests
Gray Catbird 13
Nashville Warbler 3
Northern Parula 1
Yellow Warbler 5
Chestnut-sided Warbler 10
Magnolia Warbler 1
Black-throated Blue Warbler 5
Yellow-rumped Warbler 83 minimum count
Black-throated Green Warbler 7
Blackburnian Warbler 3
Pine Warbler 36
Prairie Warbler 1
Palm Warbler 2
Black-and-white Warbler 13
American Redstart 1
Northern Waterthrush 1
Common Yellowthroat 15
Eastern Towhee 59 everywhere now
Chipping Sparrow 31
Field Sparrow 2
Song Sparrow 12
Swamp Sparrow 4
White-throated Sparrow 22
White-crowned Sparrow 1 adult
Dark-eyed Junco 4
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 3
Blue Grosbeak 1 adult male seen and photographed. A most unexpected find. Photos on Flickr site.
Red-winged Blackbird 12
Common Grackle 13
Brown-headed Cowbird 6
Purple Finch 8 several pairs
American Goldfinch 19
Evening Grosbeak 2 pair flyby

Atlas "work" begins

Spent the morning checking out one of the atlas blocks in central Quabbin. A great day to be outside despite the early fog. I will just include the list for a few hours of time spent there this morning.


Canada Goose 2 on nest
Wood Duck 1
Mallard 5
Ring-necked Duck 5
Bufflehead 2 pair in small pond
Hooded Merganser 3
Ruffed Grouse 14 all drumming
Wild Turkey 8
Common Loon 1 flyby
Cooper's Hawk 2
Broad-winged Hawk 2
Mourning Dove 2
Belted Kingfisher 2
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 24 minimum, probably several more
Downy Woodpecker 1
Northern Flicker 8
Pileated Woodpecker 3
Eastern Phoebe 7
Blue-headed Vireo 6
Blue Jay 21
American Crow 3
Tree Swallow 16
Black-capped Chickadee 23
Tufted Titmouse 2
Red-breasted Nuthatch 5
White-breasted Nuthatch 5
Brown Creeper 5
Winter Wren 1
Golden-crowned Kinglet 3
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 24
Hermit Thrush 6
American Robin 30
Yellow-rumped Warbler (Myrtle) 77
Black-throated Green Warbler 1 heard and seen
Pine Warbler 39
Palm Warbler (Yellow) 7
Eastern Towhee 16
Chipping Sparrow 17
Field Sparrow 1
Song Sparrow 17
Swamp Sparrow 3
White-throated Sparrow 2
Dark-eyed Junco 19
Red-winged Blackbird 21
Common Grackle 14
Brown-headed Cowbird 20
Purple Finch 4
American Goldfinch 13


Moose 1
White tailed Deer 1

100th post

Wood Duck duckling, Central Quabbin, June 14, 2010

American Redstart at nest, Central Quabbin, June 14, 2010


It appears I have now reached my 100th post on this blog and have just passed the one year anniversary. Hopefully a few of you have enjoyed the photos and sightings. Today I spent time on central Quabbin checking on breeding activity for the atlas. Lots of birds carrying food, building nests, feeding young. Some highlights included a nest full of American Redstarts, a group of five (or more) Wood Duck ducklings moving across a small pond, a close look at a Barred Owl, and lots of birds building nests, carrying food to nests or feeding fledglings. Although it was a bit of a cool day it was still very productive.

Migration picks up

I spent the morning into the early afternoon atlasing blocks in the restricted area of Quabbin. There were many nice birds seen and heard with some already nesting. Several new birds for the year made appearances today including several warbler species. Yet again I ran across Red Crossbills with a female and male on the ground in a marshy area. I have some photos from the day that I will post later once I download them. Here is the list for the day.


Canada Goose 3
Wood Duck 6 three pairs
American Black Duck 2
Hooded Merganser 2 female on nest box
Ruffed Grouse 3 drumming
Wild Turkey 10
Great Blue Heron 2
Turkey Vulture 2
Osprey 3
Bald Eagle 9 up to five in view at once
Cooper's Hawk 2 one on nest
Broad-winged Hawk 21 moving north all day
Red-tailed Hawk 2
Mourning Dove 8
Belted Kingfisher 1
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 15
Downy Woodpecker 1
Hairy Woodpecker 1
Northern Flicker 7
Pileated Woodpecker 3
Eastern Phoebe 2 on nest
Blue-headed Vireo 27
Blue Jay 43
American Crow 3
Common Raven 1
Tree Swallow 21
Black-capped Chickadee 27
Tufted Titmouse 2
Red-breasted Nuthatch 10
Brown Creeper 2
Winter Wren 2
Golden-crowned Kinglet 7
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 5
Hermit Thrush 3
Yellow Warbler 2
Black-throated Blue Warbler 1 same area since april 23
Yellow-rumped Warbler 51
Black-throated Green Warbler 6
Blackburnian Warbler 1
Pine Warbler 21
Palm Warbler 2
Black-and-white Warbler 5
Eastern Towhee 53
Chipping Sparrow 37
Field Sparrow 1
Song Sparrow 8
Swamp Sparrow 4
White-throated Sparrow 12
Dark-eyed Junco 2
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 1
Red-winged Blackbird 72
Common Grackle 9
Brown-headed Cowbird 18
Purple Finch 4
Red Crossbill 2 female and male
American Goldfinch 10
Evening Grosbeak 3 one male with two females

Bird Atlas work-Red Crossbills

I spent the morning doing my first bit of atlasing for the fourth season of the Breeding Bird Atlas. I spent a total of around 5 hours covering about 11 miles of road/trails. There were many highlights including an early Black Throated Blue Warbler, a Black and White Warbler, Red Crossbills, Evening Grosbeaks, etc. I will let the list speak for itself.

Canada Goose 10 several pairs
Wood Duck 4
Mallard 3
Ring-necked Duck 2 males
Hooded Merganser 8 a few pairs near nest boxes
Ruffed Grouse 6 drumming
Wild Turkey 20 many displaying birds
Common Loon 1 breeding plumage
Sharp-shinned Hawk 1 in same area where nesting was suspected previous years
Cooper's Hawk 1
Broad-winged Hawk 3 two together, low, calling
Red-tailed Hawk 2
American Kestrel 1 male
Mourning Dove 16
Barred Owl 2 pair calling back and forth
Belted Kingfisher 1
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 19
Downy Woodpecker 1
Northern Flicker 5
Pileated Woodpecker 1
Eastern Phoebe 6 nesting
Blue-headed Vireo 18
Blue Jay 45
American Crow 5
Tree Swallow 11
Black-capped Chickadee 44
Red-breasted Nuthatch 14 several pairs
White-breasted Nuthatch 1
Brown Creeper 3 carrying nest material
Winter Wren 1
Golden-crowned Kinglet 4
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 10
Hermit Thrush 5
American Robin 53 carrying nest material and building nests
Black-throated Blue Warbler 1 heard and then seen...early
Yellow-rumped Warbler 45
Pine Warbler 46 several pairs, most males
Palm Warbler 7
Black-and-white Warbler 1 heard and seen
Eastern Towhee 67
Chipping Sparrow 56 many pairs
Field Sparrow 1
Song Sparrow 11 carrying nest material
Swamp Sparrow 3
White-throated Sparrow 7
Dark-eyed Junco 2
Northern Cardinal 1
Red-winged Blackbird 22
Common Grackle 7
Brown-headed Cowbird 17
Purple Finch 7
Red Crossbill 4 group together, photos taken. North of area where I had them breeding last year
American Goldfinch 17
Evening Grosbeak 9 four distinct pairs plus at least one more heard

Breeding Bird Atlas- Prescott

I spent the morning working three blocks for the breeding bird atlas on Prescott Peninsula including the blocks of Shutesbury 8 and 9 and Winsor Dam 1. I covered about 11 miles in about 5 hours. I will include the total list for the morning. Highlights included a Ruffed Grouse w/ two fledglings, a continuing Cerulean Warbler and lots of birds carrying food or feeding recent fledglings. Some birds continue to collect nest material. Also some nice varieties of butterflies around as the sun warmed things up.

List for day:

Wood Duck 1 female
Ruffed Grouse 3 adult w/ two fledglings

Wild Turkey 4 one fledgling

Great Blue Heron 1

Turkey Vulture 1
Mourning Dove 7

Ruby-throated Hummingbird 2

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 17 carrying food

Downy Woodpecker 1

Hairy Woodpecker 3

Northern Flicker 2

Pileated Woodpecker 1

Eastern Wood-Pewee 2

Alder Flycatcher 1

Least Flycatcher 16 carrying food

Eastern Phoebe 3

Eastern Kingbird 5

Yellow-throated Vireo 1

Blue-headed Vireo 6 carrying food

Warbling Vireo 1

Red-eyed Vireo 106 carrying food

Blue Jay 10

American Crow 4

Tree Swallow 17 feeding fledgling

Black-capped Chickadee 19 three fledglings

Red-breasted Nuthatch 4

White-breasted Nuthatch 3 fledglings

Brown Creeper 2

Golden-crowned Kinglet 4 adult feeding fledgling

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 1

Veery 32

Hermit Thrush 4

Wood Thrush 14

American Robin 43 several fledglings

Gray Catbird 56 carrying food and fecal sacs

Cedar Waxwing 37 carrying nest material

Blue-winged Warbler 2

Yellow Warbler 11 carrying food

Chestnut-sided Warbler 55 a few fledglings

Magnolia Warbler 6

Black-throated Blue Warbler 14 carrying food
Yellow-rumped Warbler 6 carrying food

Black-throated Green Warbler 7 carrying food

Blackburnian Warbler 7

Pine Warbler 26

Prairie Warbler 4

Cerulean Warbler 1

Black-and-white Warbler 11

American Redstart 57 several fledglings

Ovenbird 36 carrying food

Common Yellowthroat 103 several fledglings

Canada Warbler 1

Scarlet Tanager 13 carrying food

Eastern Towhee 61

Chipping Sparrow 21 carrying food and collecting nest material

Song Sparrow 13 several fledglings

Swamp Sparrow 4

Rose-breasted Grosbeak 9 carrying food

Indigo Bunting 2

Red-winged Blackbird 9

Common Grackle 12

Brown-headed Cowbird 4

Baltimore Oriole 7 one fledgling

Purple Finch 3

American Goldfinch 13